근로자 지원 위한 훈련 필요
조직 및 고용에 관한 연구 문헌을 보면 기업 구조조정과 변화가 겉으로 보이는 것보다 훨씬 복잡하며, 기업이 근로자집단 및 근로자 대표들과 함께 장기간에 걸쳐 이를 추구해야 한다는 주장이 대두되고 있다. 웨인 카시오는 그의 초창기 논문 <책임감 있는 구조조정>(2002)에서 기업이 인력을 줄이거나 조정하기로 결정하기 전에 가능한 한 많은 대안을 고려해야 한다고 주장했다. 강력한 내부 노동시장(내부 직원)에 기반을 둔 근로자 지원을 위한 장기 계획을 수립해야 한다. 근로자 보호와 보직 순환을 통한 성과 향상도 함께 이뤄져야 한다. 이런 과정에서 제일 중요한 건 훈련이다. 근로자들과의 논의를 통해 그들에게 새로운 지식을 습득시키고, 능력을 계발하고 향상시키는 데 실패하면 장기적으로 구조조정에 큰 문제가 생긴다.
리즈대의 연구와 장 가디너의 논문 등에 따르면 일과 삶에서 엄격한 균형 전략을 갖는 것은 직원들이 더 넓은 범위에서 흥미를 추구하도록 하고 더 균형 잡힌 방식으로 스스로를 계발하며 변화가 가져올 도전에 대비할 수 있게 한다.
참여를 이끌어내는 것도 중요하다. 직원들이 목소리를 낼 수 있도록 허용하는 환경은 직장과 사회에서 시민성을 중시하도록 하는 풍토에 기여할 것이다. 노동조합은 더욱 열린 토론을 전개해야 한다. 정리해고와 관련해 협상하고 상의하는 것이 중요하다.
열린 토론문화가 중요하다
이는 구조조정과 변화 시 벌어지는 ‘마초 논쟁’에서 종종 무시되는 요소다. 이 논쟁에서는 한 핵심 관리자가 모든 해답을 갖고 있고, 그런 문제에 대해 직원들과 논의할 필요가 없다고 생각한다. 그러나 대화와 체계적인 토론이 구조조정 같은 문제에 보다 원만하고 균형 잡힌 접근 방식을 취하는 데 기여했다는 증거가 나오고 있다.
숙련되고 지식이 풍부한 인력의 보유는 기업이 고용 안정에 지속적으로 최선의 노력을 할 때 가능하다. 기업에서 변화의 역할을 부정하는 것은 아니다. 구조조정은 기술, 충성심과 헌신, 조직에 대한 풍부한 지식의 손실을 가져온다.
오늘날 경영진은 단기 지향적인 속성을 가진 경우가 적지 않다. 새 경영자는 자신의 이력서에 자신이 한 일을 한 줄 더 추가할 의도로 기업 규모를 줄이고, 기업을 떠난다. 비윤리적인 구조조정 시대에 심각하게 생각해야 할 문제는 경영진이 자신이 몸담고 있는 회사에 대한 책무를 갈수록 소홀히 한다는 점이다. 자신의 실수가 분명히 드러날 때쯤이면 그는 이미 그 회사를 나간 지 오래일 것이기 때문이다.
The Unhealthy Obsession with Restructuring
Miguel Martínez Lucio – The University of Manchester – Alliance Manchester Business School
A short time ago, a colleague, Oscar Rodriguez Ruiz, and I wrote a short piece published in the Spanish journal Universia Business Review 2010 that pointed to the obsessive way in which companies sometimes restructured for reasons that were never very clear. In the USA, for example, as profits increased, companies felt compelled to restructure and reduce the sizes of their firms and their workforces. This activity was driven mainly by a desire to send signals to stock exchanges and money markets, thus raising the share values of the firms in question as they were seen to be taking direct action by reducing staff numbers. Companies and management do not always think through why they are making changes, but seem to proceed with a degree of obsession and an irrational belief that this is the ‘best way’ when in fact it might not be.
Within the organisational and employment studies literature, a debate has emerged suggesting that restructuring and change are more complex than they appear, and the way that a firm pursues strategies of change with its workforce, and worker representatives, over the longer term is an essential aspect. Wayne Cascio, in his earlier work Responsible Restructuring (2002), has argued that firms need to consider as wide a set of alternatives as possible before deciding to reduce or change their workforces. They should look at alternative ways of deploying workers, and enhancing their ability to operate across a range of areas and roles to avoid making unnecessary redundancies.
Longer-term strategies for worker support should be developed that rely on strong internal labour markets, and the ability to protect workers and enhance their performance through activities such as job rotation. Training is paramount to this process, and the failure to update, upgrade and develop staff – in discussion with workers and their representatives – makes the longer-term effects of restructuring problematic.
In fact, in research at Leeds University, and in work by Jean Gardiner and various colleagues in the CERIC research centre published in the International Journal of Human Resource Management in 2007, we see that having a strong work–life balance policy is not just important for workers in dealing with stress and having a fuller life, but it also means that individuals can pursue broader interests, develop themselves in a more balanced manner and be prepared for change and the challenges it brings.
Linked to this is the importance of participation. An environment that allows for the voice of the workforce to be heard, both collectively and individually, contributes to a greater emphasis on citizenship both at work and beyond. Trade unions, for example, are important in developing a more open debate, and allow individuals to communicate and rationalise within and beyond the sphere of work. The need to negotiate and consult regarding redundancy is important, but creating a culture of dialogue can also extend the understanding and abilities of a workforce. It is this factor that is often ignored in the ‘macho’ debates on restructuring and change, which assume that one core manager has all the answers and does not need to engage with the workforce on such matters. The evidence suggests from countless sources that, in contexts such as Germany or Sweden, the role of dialogue and systematic discussion contributes to a more rounded and balanced approach to the subject.
Professor David Guest, of King’s College London, has argued that there are many virtues to stability and coherence. A skilled, knowledgeable and settled workforce results from attempts to sustain the best possible commitment to employment stability. The role of change is not denied; however, the loss of skills, loyalty, commitment and knowledge about the organisation are common and often serious outcomes of restructuring and downsizing.
What is more, the nature of management today in contexts such as the UK and the USA is often short-term: the intention of a new manager is to join a firm, reduce its size, then leave, adding another line to the manager’s CV on what he/she did there and not even consider the impact and consequences of these sweeping actions. The problem ultimately is that, in an age of unethical restructuring, we see a management class with less and less commitment to the organisations it is employed by, because it knows it will be gone by the time its mistakes become apparent.
Research is increasingly pointing to the need to be more sceptical and critical of the way restructuring is approached. The causes of restructuring are not often clear, and the way it is conducted is normally quite damaging to the economic and social context. Firms appear to simply offload their workforce onto society having not prepared them, trained them and participated in generating more able and skilled citizens.
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미겔 M. 루시오 < 영국 맨체스터대 맨체스터경영대학원 교수 >