[속보]백악관도 한미 공동 팩트시트 발표...자동차 관세 명문화, 핵잠 건조 승인

도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령 행정부는 13일(현지시간) 저녁 한국과 공동으로 팩트시트를 발표했다. 이하는 백악관이 공개한 팩트시트 전문 번역.
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대한민국 이재명 대통령은 10월 29일 대한민국을 국빈방문한 미합중국(미국)의 도널드 J. 트럼프 대통령을 환영하였다. 이번 국빈방문은 한국 역사상 처음으로 경주에서 개최된 것으로, 지난 8월 25일 워싱턴에서 두 정상이 처음 회담을 가진 데 이어 이루어진 것이다. 특히 이번 방문은 대한민국이 동일한 국가원수를 두 번째로 국빈으로 맞이한 첫 사례이기도 하다.

트럼프 대통령의 역사적인 2024년 대선 승리와 대한민국의 민주적 역량과 회복력을 보여준 이재명 대통령의 선출을 계기로, 양국 정상은 한미동맹이 한반도와 인도·태평양 지역의 평화, 안보, 번영의 핵심축(linchpin)임을 재확인하고, 양국 관계의 새로운 장을 선언하였다.

◆핵심 산업의 재건과 확대

양국 정상은 7월에 발표된 ‘대한민국 전략적 무역투자 협정(The Korea Strategic Trade and Investment Deal)’을 한미동맹의 강인함과 지속성을 반영하는 역사적 합의로 재확인하였다.

양국은 조선, 에너지, 반도체, 제약, 핵심 광물, 인공지능 및 양자컴퓨팅 등 경제 및 국가안보에 기여하는 다양한 분야에서 한국의 대미 투자를 환영하였다.

이 협정에는 미국이 승인한 조선 산업 부문 1,500억 달러 규모의 한국 투자(“승인된 투자”)가 포함되어 있다. 또한, 향후 양국 대표가 서명할 전략적 투자에 관한 양해각서(MOU)에 따라 2,000억 달러 규모의 추가 한국 투자도 약속되어 있다.

미국은 2025년 4월 2일자 행정명령 제14257호(개정 포함)에 따른 상호관세 적용 시, 한미 자유무역협정(KORUS FTA) 또는 최혜국대우(MFN) 세율 중 높은 쪽의 세율 또는 15%의 관세율 중 높은 것을 적용할 예정이다.

미국은 한국산 자동차, 자동차 부품, 목재, 제재목, 목재 파생제품에 대한 232조 관세를 15%로 인하한다. 해당 품목이 KORUS FTA나 MFN 세율상 15% 이상일 경우 추가 관세는 부과되지 않는다. 세율이 15% 미만일 경우 양 세율의 합계가 15%가 되도록 조정된다.

제약 부문에 부과된 232조 관세의 경우, 한국산 제품에 대한 관세율은 최대 15%를 초과하지 않도록 할 계획이다.

반도체 및 반도체 제조장비에 대한 232조 관세의 경우, 미국은 한국의 교역 규모에 상응하는 수준의 향후 협정에 부여되는 조건보다 불리하지 않은 대우를 제공할 예정이다.

또한, 미국은 행정명령 제14257호 및 각종 선언(Proclamation)에 따라 부과된 특정 보충관세를 해제할 예정이다. 여기에는 제네릭 의약품, 의약 원료, 전구체 화학물질, 미국 내 미가용 천연자원, 항공기 및 부품 등이 포함된다.

◆외환시장 안정

양국은 MOU 이행이 한국 외환시장 안정성에 미칠 잠재적 영향을 논의하였으며, 시장 불안정을 초래하지 않도록 상호 이해에 도달하였다. 한국은 연간 200억 달러를 초과하여 달러화를 조달할 의무가 없으며, 가급적 시장 외 조달 수단을 통해 외환시장 충격을 최소화하기로 했다. 시장 불안 가능성이 발생할 경우, 한국은 조정 요청을 할 수 있고 미국은 이를 성실히 고려할 것이다.

◆상업적 협력 강화

양국은 민간 부문이 강력한 신뢰를 바탕으로 전략적 분야에 대한 투자와 협력을 확대하고 있음을 강조하였다.

한국 기업들은 트럼프 대통령의 임기 중 총 1,500억 달러 규모의 대미 직접투자를 발표했으며, 양국은 이를 촉진하기 위해 최선을 다할 것이다.

대한항공은 8월에 총 103대의 보잉 항공기(엔진: GE Aerospace)를 360억 달러 규모로 구매하기로 발표했으며, 737 MAX, 787 드림라이너, 777X 여객기 및 화물기를 포함한다.
‘서울에서의 Buy America’ 이니셔티브를 통해, 한국은 미국 중소기업을 포함한 기업들이 참여하는 연례 전시회를 개최해 미국 제품의 대한국 수출을 촉진한다.

◆상호무역 촉진

양국은 상호 호혜적인 무역 및 투자 확대라는 공통 목표를 재확인하고, 연내 한미 FTA 공동위원회에서 상호무역 증진을 위한 행동계획을 채택하기로 합의하였다.

- 한국은 미국산 FMVSS 요건을 충족한 차량 5만 대 무제한 수입을 허용한다.
- 농식품 무역의 비관세 장벽 해소, 미국산 농산물의 승인절차 간소화, 미국 과일·채소 전용 데스크 설치, 육류 및 치즈 시장 접근성 보장 등을 추진한다.
- 디지털 서비스·데이터 이전 관련 법·정책에서 미국 기업 차별 금지, WTO 전자상거래 관세 면제의 영구화를 지지한다.
- 한국은 경쟁당국 조사에서 변호사-의뢰인 비밀유지권을 인정하는 등 절차적 공정성을 강화한다.
- 한국은 ‘특허법조약(PLT)’ 가입을 추진하고, 노동권 보호와 강제노동 근절을 위해 협력한다.
환경법 집행 강화를 통해 무역 왜곡 방지를 약속하며, WTO 수산보조금 협정을 완전 이행하기로 한다.

◆경제 번영 보호

양국은 경제안보 정렬 강화를 통한 경쟁력 유지와 공급망 안정 확보의 필요성을 인식하고, 불공정 무역행위 대응, 외국인투자 심사협력, 조달시장 상호혜택 확보에 협력하기로 하였다.

◆한미동맹 현대화

미국은 주한미군의 지속적 주둔을 통한 방위공약을 재확인했다.

미국은 핵을 포함한 전 범위 억제력을 제공할 것임을 약속했고, ‘핵협의그룹(NCG)’ 등 협의 채널을 통한 공조 강화에 합의했다.

이재명 대통령은 국방비를 GDP의 3.5%로 조속히 증액할 계획을 공유했고, 트럼프 대통령은 이를 환영했다.

한국은 2030년까지 250억 달러 규모의 미국산 무기 구매를, 330억 달러 규모의 주한미군 지원을 법적 절차에 따라 추진할 계획을 밝혔다.

양국은 전시작전통제권 전환을 위한 협력 지속에 합의했으며, 한국은 자주적 억제 역량 강화를 위해 첨단무기 획득 및 방산협력을 확대할 것이다.

양국은 북한을 포함한 역내 위협에 대한 공조 강화, 사이버·우주·AI 군사협력 확대도 약속했다.

◆한반도 및 지역 현안 공조

양국은 한반도와 인도·태평양 지역의 평화, 안보, 번영을 위해 공조하기로 재확인했고, 북한의 완전한 비핵화 및 2018년 싱가포르 공동성명 이행을 위한 협력을 다짐했다.

또한 일본과의 3국 협력을 강화하고, 항행의 자유와 대만해협의 평화를 유지하기로 했다.

◆해양 및 원자력 협력 확대

미국은 한국의 미국 조선 산업 현대화 및 생산역량 확충 투자를 환영했고, 한국은 미국의 민·해군 원전 프로그램 지원을 환영했다.

양국은 조선산업 실무그룹을 통해 정비, 인력 양성, 조선소 현대화, 공급망 회복력 강화 분야 협력을 확대한다.

또한 미국은 한미 원자력협정(123 협정)에 기반하여 한국의 평화적 우라늄 농축과 사용후연료 재처리를 위한 절차를 지지했다.

미국은 한국의 핵추진 공격잠수함 건조를 승인했으며, 연료 조달 및 세부 요건 마련을 위해 긴밀히 협력할 예정이다.

다음은 백악관이 공개한 팩트시트 전문.

President Lee Jae Myung of the Republic of Korea (ROK) welcomed President Donald J. Trump of the United States of America (United States or U.S.) for a State Visit to ROK on October 29. This marks the first time in Korean history that a State Visit has been hosted in Gyeongju and follows on the two leaders’ first meeting in Washington on August 25. Notably, it is also the first time that the ROK has welcomed the same leader for a second state visit.
In light of President Trump’s historic 2024 victory and President Lee’s election demonstrating the ROK’s democratic strength and resilience, they declared a new chapter in the U.S.-ROK Alliance, the linchpin for peace, security and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula and in the Indo-Pacific region.
REBUILDING AND EXPANDING CRITICAL INDUSTRIES: President Trump and President Lee reaffirmed the historic announcement in July of The Korea Strategic Trade and Investment deal, which reflects the strength and endurance of the U.S.-ROK Alliance.
Both leaders welcome Korean investments in various sectors to advance economic and national security interests, including but not limited to shipbuilding, energy, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, critical minerals, and artificial intelligence/quantum computing.
This deal includes $150 billion of Korean investment in the shipbuilding sector approved by the United States, which is referred to as the Approved Investments.
This deal also includes $200 billion of additional Korean investment committed pursuant to the Memorandum of Understanding with respect to Strategic Investments (MOU), which is expected to be signed by representatives of the United States and ROK.
The United States will apply the higher of either the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (“KORUS FTA”) or U.S. Most Favored Nation (“MFN”) tariff rate, as applicable, or a tariff rate of 15 percent on originating goods of the ROK, for purposes of the reciprocal tariff provided under Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended.
The United States will reduce its Section 232 sectoral tariffs on automobiles, auto parts, timber, lumber, and wood derivatives of the ROK to 15 percent. For such products of the ROK with a KORUS FTA or MFN tariff rate, as applicable, equal to or greater than 15 percent, no additional Section 232 tariff shall apply. For such products of the ROK with a KORUS FTA or MFN tariff, as applicable, less than 15 percent, the sum of the KORUS FTA or MFN tariff and the additional Section 232 tariff shall be 15 percent.
For any Section 232 tariffs imposed on pharmaceuticals, the United States intends to apply to originating goods of the ROK a Section 232 tariff rate no greater than 15 percent.
For any Section 232 tariffs imposed on semiconductors (including semiconductor manufacturing equipment), the United States intends to provide terms for such Section 232 tariffs on Korea that are no less favorable than terms that may be offered in a future agreement covering a volume of semiconductor trade at least as large as Korea’s, as determined by the United States.
The United States intends to remove supplemental tariffs imposed pursuant to Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as amended for certain products identified on the list of Potential Tariff Adjustments for Aligned Partners, such as generic pharmaceuticals, generic pharmaceutical ingredients, generic pharmaceutical chemical precursors, and certain natural resources unavailable in the United States. The United States will also remove tariffs on certain aircraft and parts of the ROK from the tariffs imposed pursuant to Executive Order 14257, as amended, by Proclamation 9704, as amended, Proclamation 9705, as amended, and Proclamation 10962.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET STABILITY: The United States and the ROK, in connection with their respective commitments included in the MOU, have thoroughly discussed the potential impact of the MOU on the foreign exchange market stability of the ROK. They have reached a mutual understanding that commitments in the MOU shall not be allowed to give rise to market instability. As trusted partners, the two nations agree that the ROK shall not be required to fund an aggregate amount of U.S. dollars greater than $20 billion in any calendar year. The ROK will use its best efforts, to the greatest extent possible, to source the U.S. dollars through means other than market purchases so as to minimize any potential impact on the market. Should it appear that the fulfillment of the commitments in the MOU may cause market instability, such as disorderly movements of Korean won, the ROK may request an adjustment in the amount and timing of the funding, and the United States will, in good faith, give due consideration to such request.
ENHANCING COMMERCIAL TIES: The two leaders welcomed a series of commercial commitments in strategic sectors, reflecting the confidence of the private sector in the strong bilateral economic partnership.
The two leaders welcomed the announcement in August by ROK companies of foreign direct investments in the United States totaling $150 billion during President Trump’s term. Both countries will use their best efforts to facilitate these investments.
The two leaders welcomed the announcement by Korean Air (KAL) in August of a purchase order of 103 Boeing aircraft powered by GE Aerospace engines. The Boeing commitment is valued at U.S. $36 billion and will include a mix of Boeing 737 MAX jets, 787 Dreamliners, and 777X passenger and freighters, bringing KAL’s total order in 2025 to more than 150 Boeing airplanes.
The United States and the ROK welcome the Buy America in Seoul initiative, whereby the ROK, in collaboration with the State Governments, will organize an annual exhibition featuring U.S. companies, including Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, to promote the export of U.S. goods into Korea.
PROMOTING RECIPROCAL TRADE: The two leaders recognized that the recently announced deal reflects a common goal to increase mutually beneficial trade and investment. In the spirit of the deal, the United States and the ROK will address non-tariff barriers and memorialize commitments and a plan of action to promote reciprocal trade, to be adopted by the KORUS Joint Committee before the end of the year. This will include but not be limited to the following:
The ROK will eliminate the 50,000-unit cap on U.S.-originating Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS)-compliant vehicles that can enter the ROK without further modifications. The ROK will also reduce regulatory burdens for U.S. automotive exports by not requiring additional documentation in its emissions certification process other than those submitted to U.S certification authorities.
The ROK will work together with the United States to address non-tariff barriers affecting trade in food and agricultural products, including by: ensuring that existing commitments under bilateral agreements and protocols are met; streamlining the regulatory approval process for agricultural biotechnology products and resolving the backlog of U.S. applications; establishing a U.S. Desk dedicated to requests for U.S. horticultural products; and preserving market access for U.S. meats and cheeses that use certain terms.
The United States and the ROK commit to ensure that U.S. companies are not discriminated against and do not face unnecessary barriers in terms of laws and policies concerning digital services, including network usage fees and online platform regulations, and to facilitate cross-border transfer of data, including for location, reinsurance, and personal data. Further, the United States and the ROK will support the permanent moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions at the World Trade Organization.
The ROK commits to provide additional procedural fairness provisions in competition proceedings, including the recognition of attorney-client privilege.
The United States and the ROK will work together to protect intellectual property rights. The ROK will continue to take the necessary steps to accede to the Patent Law Treaty.
The United States and the ROK commit to work together to ensure strong protection of internationally-recognized labor rights. The United States and the ROK will work together to combat all forms of forced labor globally, including by combatting the importation of goods made with forced labor.
The United States and the ROK reaffirm the importance of ensuring differences in environmental protection do not distort trade and investment. To this end, the ROK will effectively enforce its environmental laws to facilitate reciprocal trade, including by fully implementing the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies.
PROTECTING ECONOMIC PROSPERITY: The two leaders acknowledged the need to strengthen economic and national security alignment in order to preserve our competitiveness and maintain secure supply chains. This includes cooperation to combat duty evasion and taking complementary actions to address unfair and non-market policies and practices, enhancing inbound investment and outbound investment regulations, and both countries will ensure that international procurement obligations provide a benefit to those countries that have taken on the same commitments.
MODERNIZING THE U.S.-ROK ALLIANCE: The United States underscored its commitment to the defense of the ROK through the enduring presence of the U.S. Forces Korea (USFK).
The United States reaffirmed its pledge to provide extended deterrence, leveraging the full range of its capabilities, including nuclear. The two leaders committed to strengthening cooperation through consultation mechanisms including the Nuclear Consultative Group.
President Lee shared the ROK’s plan to increase its defense spending to 3.5% of GDP as soon as possible in accordance with ROK legal requirements, which President Trump welcomed.
The ROK also committed to spending $25 billion on U.S. military equipment purchases by 2030, and shared its plan to provide comprehensive support for U.S. Forces Korea amounting to $33 billion in accordance with ROK legal requirements.
The two leaders committed to continue alliance cooperation toward the transition of wartime operational control. With the support of the United States, the ROK pledged to accelerate efforts to strengthen its military capabilities necessary to lead the combined conventional defense against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). These include acquisition of advanced U.S. weapons systems and expansion of bilateral defense industrial cooperation, including in high-tech weapons systems.
The United States and the ROK will enhance U.S. conventional deterrence posture against all regional threats to the Alliance, including the DPRK. The two sides affirm relevant understandings since 2006. Both sides will continue close consultation and report the progress on implementation to their leadership.
The United States and the ROK pledged to expand cooperation in cyberspace and outer space. The two leaders also reaffirmed their intention to continue working together on AI in the military domain.
COORDINATING ON KOREAN PENINSULA AND REGIONAL ISSUES: The two leaders committed to peace, security, and prosperity both on the Korean Peninsula and in the Indo-Pacific region.
The two leaders reiterated their commitment to the complete denuclearization of the DPRK and peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula, and pledged to work together to implement the Joint Statement of the 2018 U.S.-DPRK Singapore Summit.
Both leaders agreed to coordinate closely on DPRK policy and called on the DPRK to return to meaningful dialogue and abide by its international obligations, including by abandoning its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and ballistic missile programs.
The two leaders committed to strengthen the trilateral partnership with Japan.
The two leaders reaffirmed efforts to uphold freedoms of navigation and overflight and other lawful uses of the sea. They reaffirmed that the maritime claims of all nations should comply with the international law of the sea.
They emphasized the importance of preserving peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. They encouraged the peaceful resolution of cross-Strait issues and opposed unilateral changes to the status quo.
FURTHERING OUR MARITIME AND NUCLEAR PARTNERSHIP: The United States welcomed the ROK’s commitment to contribute to modernizing and expanding the capacity of American shipbuilding industries, including through investments in U.S. shipyards and America’s workforce. The ROK welcomed the United States’ support for the ROK’s civil and naval nuclear power programs.
Both countries committed to collaborate further through a shipbuilding working group, including on maintenance, repair, and overhaul, workforce development, shipyard modernization, and supply chain resilience.
These initiatives will increase the number of U.S. commercial ships and combat-ready U.S. military vessels as quickly as possible, including the potential construction of U.S. vessels in the ROK.
Consistent with the bilateral 123 agreement and subject to U.S. legal requirements, the United States supports the process that will lead to the ROK’s civil uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing for peaceful uses.
The United States has given approval for the ROK to build nuclear-powered attack submarines. The United States will work closely with the ROK to advance requirements for this shipbuilding project, including avenues to source fuel.
워싱턴=이상은 특파원 selee@hankyung.com